Arq 5.0.4 – Online backup to Google Drive, Amazon Glacier, SFTP. Arq is super-easy online backup for the Mac. Back up to your own Google Drive storage (15GB free storage), your own Amazon Glacier ($.01/GB per month. In the Type III or posterior course, taken by two (3%) arteries, a posterior course of the vessel in the anterior perforated substance was found. The branching pattern was identified down to a range of 100 to 200 µ, and the average number of branches was 6.5 ± 0.4 (range 3 to 12). Four groups of branches were observed.
Short distance wireless technology standard BluetoothDeveloped byIndustryCompatible hardwareAudio devicesPhysical rangeTypically less than 10 m (33 ft), up to 100 m (330 ft)Bluetooth 5.0: 40–400 m (100–1,000 ft)Bluetooth is a technology standard used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances using short-wavelength in the, from 2.400 to 2.485 GHz, and building (PANs). It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to data cables.Bluetooth is managed by the (SIG), which has more than 35,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. The standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard.
The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. A manufacturer must meet to market it as a Bluetooth device.
A network of apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices. As of 2009, Bluetooth chips ship approximately 920 million units annually. Main article:To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles, which are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviors that Bluetooth-enabled devices use to communicate with other Bluetooth devices.
These profiles include settings to parameterize and to control the communication from the start. Adherence to profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe many different types of applications or use cases for devices. List of applications. A typical Bluetooth mobile phone. Wireless control and communication between a mobile phone and a.
This was one of the earliest applications to become popular. Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible car stereo system. Wireless communication between a smartphone and a for unlocking doors. Wireless control of and communication with iOS and Android device phones, tablets and portable. Wireless. A Bluetooth dongle with a 100 m rangeBluetooth exists in numerous products such as telephones, tablets, media players, robotics systems, laptops, and console gaming equipment as well as some high definition, and even watches. Given the variety of devices which use the Bluetooth, coupled with the contemporary deprecation of headphone by Apple, Google, and other companies, and the lack of regulation by the FCC, the technology is prone to interference.
Nonetheless Bluetooth is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e., with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files).Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices. Bluetooth devices can advertise all of the services they provide.
This makes using services easier, because more of the security, and permission configuration can be automated than with many other network types. Computer requirements.
An internal notebook Bluetooth card (14×36×4 mm)A personal computer that does not have embedded Bluetooth can use a Bluetooth adapter that enables the PC to communicate with Bluetooth devices. While some and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth radio, others require an external adapter, typically in the form of a small USB '.' Unlike its predecessor, which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth lets multiple devices communicate with a computer over a single adapter. Operating system implementation. Further information:For platforms, and SP3 releases work natively with Bluetooth v1.1, v2.0 and v2.0+EDR.
Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth adapter's own drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft. Microsoft's own Bluetooth dongles (packaged with their Bluetooth computer devices) have no external drivers and thus require at least Windows XP Service Pack 2.
Windows Vista RTM/SP1 with the Feature Pack for Wireless or Windows Vista SP2 work with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR. Windows 7 works with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR and Extended Inquiry Response (EIR).The Windows XP and Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stacks support the following Bluetooth profiles natively: PAN, SPP, HID, HCRP. The Windows XP stack can be replaced by a third party stack that supports more profiles or newer Bluetooth versions.
The Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stack supports vendor-supplied additional profiles without requiring that the Microsoft stack be replaced. It is generally recommended to install the latest vendor driver and its associated stack to be able to use the Bluetooth device at its fullest extent.products have worked with Bluetooth since, which was released in 2002.has two popular,. The BlueZ stack is included with most Linux kernels and was originally developed. Fluoride, earlier known as Bluedroid is included in Android OS and was originally developed by.There is also Affix stack, developed. It was once popular, but has not been updated since 2005.has included Bluetooth since its v5.0 release, implemented through.has included Bluetooth since its v4.0 release. Its Bluetooth stack was ported to as well, however OpenBSD later removed it as unmaintained.has had NetBSD's Bluetooth implementation since 1.11 (2008). A -based implementation from has also been available in the tree, possibly disabled until 2014-11-15, and may require more work.
Specifications and features The specifications were formalized by the (SIG) and formally announced on 20 May 1998. Today it has a membership of over 30,000 companies worldwide. It was established by, and, and later joined by many other companies.All versions of the Bluetooth standards support.
That lets the latest standard cover all older versions.The Bluetooth Core Specification Working Group (CSWG) produces mainly 4 kinds of specifications:. The Bluetooth Core Specification, release cycle is typically a few years in between. Core Specification Addendum (CSA), release cycle can be as tight as a few times per year. Core Specification Supplements (CSS), can be released very quickly. Errata (Available with a user account: )Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems, and manufacturers had difficulty making their products interoperable.
Main article:The Bluetooth SIG completed the Bluetooth Core Specification version 4.0 (called Bluetooth Smart) and has been adopted as of 30 June 2010. It includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth high speed and (BLE) protocols. Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi, and Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth protocols., previously known as Wibree, is a subset of Bluetooth v4.0 with an entirely new protocol stack for rapid build-up of simple links. As an alternative to the Bluetooth standard protocols that were introduced in Bluetooth v1.0 to v3.0, it is aimed at very low power applications powered by a. Chip designs allow for two types of implementation, dual-mode, single-mode and enhanced past versions. The provisional names Wibree and Bluetooth ULP (Ultra Low Power) were abandoned and the BLE name was used for a while.
In late 2011, new logos 'Bluetooth Smart Ready' for hosts and 'Bluetooth Smart' for sensors were introduced as the general-public face of BLE.Compared to Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy is intended to provide considerably reduced power consumption and cost while maintaining a. In terms of lengthening the battery life of Bluetooth devices, BLE represents a significant progression. In a single-mode implementation, only the low energy protocol stack is implemented., STMicroelectronics, AMICCOM, and have released single mode Bluetooth Low Energy solutions. In a dual-mode implementation, Bluetooth Smart functionality is integrated into an existing Classic Bluetooth controller. As of March 2011, the following semiconductor companies have announced the availability of chips meeting the standard:,.
Bluetooth Protocol StackBluetooth is defined as a layer protocol architecture consisting of core protocols, cable replacement protocols, telephony control protocols, and adopted protocols. Mandatory protocols for all Bluetooth stacks are LMP, L2CAP and SDP. In addition, devices that communicate with Bluetooth almost universally can use these protocols: and RFCOMM.
Link Manager The Link Manager (LM) is the system that manages establishing the connection between devices. It is responsible for the establishment, authentication and configuration of the link.
The Link Manager locates other managers and communicates with them via the management protocol of the LMP link. In order to perform its function as a service provider, the LM uses the services included in the Link Controller (LC).The Link Manager Protocol basically consists of a number of PDUs (Protocol Data Units) that are sent from one device to another.
The following is a list of supported services:. Transmission and reception of data. Name request.
Request of the link addresses. Establishment of the connection. Authentication. Negotiation of link mode and connection establishment.Host Controller Interface The Host Controller Interface provides a command interface for the controller and for the link manager, which allows access to the hardware status and control registers.This interface provides an access layer for all Bluetooth devices. The HCI layer of the machine exchanges commands and data with the HCI firmware present in the Bluetooth device.
See also:Bluetooth implements, and derivation with custom algorithms based on the. Bluetooth key generation is generally based on a Bluetooth PIN, which must be entered into both devices. This procedure might be modified if one of the devices has a fixed PIN (e.g., for headsets or similar devices with a restricted user interface). During pairing, an initialization key or master key is generated, using the E22 algorithm.The stream cipher is used for encrypting packets, granting confidentiality, and is based on a shared cryptographic secret, namely a previously generated link key or master key. Those keys, used for subsequent encryption of data sent via the air interface, rely on the Bluetooth PIN, which has been entered into one or both devices.An overview of Bluetooth vulnerabilities exploits was published in 2007 by Andreas Becker.In September 2008, the (NIST) published a Guide to Bluetooth Security as a reference for organizations.
It describes Bluetooth security capabilities and how to secure Bluetooth technologies effectively. While Bluetooth has its benefits, it is susceptible to denial-of-service attacks, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, message modification, and resource misappropriation. Users and organizations must evaluate their acceptable level of risk and incorporate security into the lifecycle of Bluetooth devices. To help mitigate risks, included in the NIST document are security checklists with guidelines and recommendations for creating and maintaining secure Bluetooth piconets, headsets, and smart card readers.Bluetooth v2.1 – finalized in 2007 with consumer devices first appearing in 2009 – makes significant changes to Bluetooth's security, including pairing. See the section for more about these changes.Bluejacking.
Main article:Bluejacking is the sending of either a picture or a message from one user to an unsuspecting user through Bluetooth wireless technology. Common applications include short messages, e.g., 'You've just been bluejacked!' Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device. Bluejacking can also involve taking control of a mobile device wirelessly and phoning a premium rate line, owned by the bluejacker. Security advances have alleviated this issue.History of security concerns 2001–2004 In 2001, Jakobsson and Wetzel from discovered flaws in the Bluetooth pairing protocol and also pointed to vulnerabilities in the encryption scheme. In 2003, Ben and Adam Laurie from A.L.
Discovered that serious flaws in some poor implementations of Bluetooth security may lead to disclosure of personal data. In a subsequent experiment, Martin Herfurt from the trifinite.group was able to do a field-trial at the fairgrounds, showing the importance of the problem to the world. A new attack called was used for this experiment.
In 2004 the first purported using Bluetooth to spread itself among mobile phones appeared on the.The virus was first described by and requires users to confirm the installation of unknown software before it can propagate. The virus was written as a proof-of-concept by a group of virus writers known as '29A' and sent to anti-virus groups. Thus, it should be regarded as a potential (but not real) security threat to Bluetooth technology or since the virus has never spread outside of this system. In August 2004, a world-record-setting experiment (see also ) showed that the range of Class 2 Bluetooth radios could be extended to 1.78 km (1.11 mi) with directional antennas and signal amplifiers.This poses a potential security threat because it enables attackers to access vulnerable Bluetooth devices from a distance beyond expectation. The attacker must also be able to receive information from the victim to set up a connection.
No attack can be made against a Bluetooth device unless the attacker knows its Bluetooth address and which channels to transmit on, although these can be deduced within a few minutes if the device is in use. 2005 In January 2005, a mobile worm known as Lasco surfaced. The worm began targeting mobile phones using using Bluetooth enabled devices to replicate itself and spread to other devices. The worm is self-installing and begins once the mobile user approves the transfer of the file (Velasco.sis) from another device.
Once installed, the worm begins looking for other Bluetooth enabled devices to infect. Additionally, the worm infects other files on the device, allowing replication to another device through the use of removable media (, etc.). The worm can render the mobile device unstable.In April 2005, security researchers published results of their actual implementation of passive attacks against the pairing between commercial Bluetooth devices. They confirmed that attacks are practicably fast, and the Bluetooth symmetric key establishment method is vulnerable. To rectify this vulnerability, they designed an implementation that showed that stronger, asymmetric key establishment is feasible for certain classes of devices, such as mobile phones.In June 2005, Yaniv Shaked and Avishai Wool published a paper describing both passive and active methods for obtaining the PIN for a Bluetooth link. The passive attack allows a suitably equipped attacker to eavesdrop on communications and spoof if the attacker was present at the time of initial pairing.
The active method makes use of a specially constructed message that must be inserted at a specific point in the protocol, to make the master and slave repeat the pairing process. After that, the first method can be used to crack the PIN. This attack's major weakness is that it requires the user of the devices under attack to re-enter the PIN during the attack when the device prompts them to. Also, this active attack probably requires custom hardware, since most commercially available Bluetooth devices are not capable of the timing necessary.In August 2005, police in, England, issued warnings about thieves using Bluetooth enabled phones to track other devices left in cars.
Police are advising users to ensure that any mobile networking connections are de-activated if laptops and other devices are left in this way. 2006 In April 2006, researchers from and published a report that warns of the large number of devices left in a visible state, and issued statistics on the spread of various Bluetooth services and the ease of spread of an eventual Bluetooth worm.In October 2006, at the Luxemburgish Hack.lu Security Conference, Kevin Finistere and Thierry Zoller demonstrated and released a remote root shell via Bluetooth on Mac OS X v10.3.9 and v10.4. They also demonstrated the first Bluetooth PIN and Linkkeys cracker, which is based on the research of Wool and Shaked. 2017 In April 2017, security researchers at Armis discovered multiple exploits in the Bluetooth software in various platforms, including, Apple, and Google. These vulnerabilities are collectively called '.'
The exploits allow an attacker to connect to devices or systems without authentication and can give them 'virtually full control over the device.' Armis contacted Google, Microsoft, Apple, Samsung and Linux developers allowing them to patch their software before the coordinated announcement of the vulnerabilities on 12 September 2017.
2018 In July 2018, researchers at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology identified a security vulnerability in the latest Bluetooth pairing procedures: Secure Simple Pairing and LE Secure Connections. 2019 In August 2019, security researchers at the Singapore University of Technology and Design, Helmholtz Center for Information Security, and University of Oxford discovered a vulnerability in the key negotiation.Health concerns.
Main article:Bluetooth uses the spectrum in the 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz range, which is non-ionizing radiation, of similar bandwidth to the one used by wireless and mobile phones. No specific demonstration of harm has been demonstrated up to date, even if wireless transmission has been included by in the possible list. Maximum power output from a Bluetooth radio is 100 for class 1, 2.5 mW for class 2, and 1 mW for class 3 devices.
Even the maximum power output of class 1 is a lower level than the lowest-powered mobile phones. And output 250 mW, outputs 1000 mW, and outputs 2000 mW.Award programs The Bluetooth Innovation World Cup, a marketing initiative of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), was an international competition that encouraged the development of innovations for applications leveraging Bluetooth technology in sports, fitness and health care products. The aim of the competition was to stimulate new markets.The Bluetooth Innovation World Cup morphed into the Bluetooth Breakthrough Awards in 2013. Bluetooth SIG subsequently launched the Imagine Blue Award in 2016 at Bluetooth World.
The Breakthrough Awards Bluetooth program highlights the most innovative products and applications available today, prototypes coming soon, and student-led projects in the making.See also.
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